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ANCE.
PUBLIC DISTANCE.
SOCIAL DISTANCE.
H3*3:ATHE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS HAVE BEEN SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH, EXCEPT THAT:
MEN ARE TOUCHED MORE OFTEN BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN.
INVASION OF PERSONAL SPACE IS STRESSFUL.
MALES ARE MORE COMFORTABLE WITH ADJACENT SEATING.
WOMEN ARE MORE COMFORTABLE WITH FACE-TO-TO-FACE SEATING.
                                                                                            *+CCTHE BASIC REASON FOR FORMING A GROUP IS?
SOCIAL COMPANIONSHIP
A SHARED INTEREST IN THE SAME ACTIVITIES.
A COMMON GOAL THAT IS BETTER OBTAINED BY INTERACTING WITH OTHERS.
A FEAR OF ISOLATION.
V!.DWHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS FOR JOINING A GROUP IS NOT MENTIONED BY
THE AUTHORS?
THE NEED FOR SOCIAL COMPARISON.
MISERY LOVES COMPANY.
THE NEED TO RELAX AND "LET ONE'S HAIR DOWN".
LACK OF PERSONAL FULFILLMENT.
-38AACCORDING TO FESTINGER, PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS:
TO SEEK OUT OTHERS WHO ARE SIMILAR TO THEMSELVES.
FOR PERSONAL FULFILLMENT.
TO FIND EMOTIONAL AND OTHER SUPPORT WHRN UNDER STRESS.
ALL OF THESE.
NA%<EASCHACHTER FOUND THAT COLLEGE FEMALES WHO EXPECTED TO RECEIVE PAINFUL SHOCKS:
PREFERRED TO WAIT WITH OTHERS WHO WERE GOING TO RECEIVE SHOCKS.
PREFERRED TO WAIT THEIR TURN ALONE.
GROUPED THEMSELVES ACCORDING TO THEIR ACADEMIC COMPETENCE.
PREFERRED TO WAIT WITH OTHERS WHO WERE NOT GOING TO RECEIVE SHOCKS.
{DIN ASCH'S EXPERIMENTS, WHICH KIND OF CONFORMITY CHARACTERIZED THE SUBJECTS
WHO CONFORMED TO THE OPINION OF THE MAJORITY?
PRIVATE ACCEPTANCE.
INTERNALIZATION.
COMPLIANCE.
ALL OF THESE.
!DTHE AUTHORS CITE THE CASE OF A GIRL WHO, AFTER JOINING A SORORITY,
CHANGES HER MANNER OF DRESS TO SUIT THE OTHER MEMBERS.  THIS IS AN
EXAMPLE OF:
INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE.
A CONFORMONG PERSONALITY.
A CONSISTENT MAJORITY.
NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE.
8!AGROUPS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR MOST POWERFULLY THROUGH:
SOCIAL NORMS.
GOURP ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
THE FORMING OF NEW FRIENDSHIPS.
Y;3CRECENT RESEARCH ON THE VARIABLES THAT PRODUCE CONFORMING BEHAVIOR HAS
CONCENTRATED ON:
PERSONALITY VARIABLES.
SOCIAL VARIABLES.
THE INTERACTION OF PERSONALITY AND SITUATIONAL VERIABLES.
THE INTERACTION OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL VARIABLES.
38n:(BGROUPS ARRIVE AT A CONSENSUS ON IMPORTANT ISSUES:
ONLY WHEN ALL MEMBERS CONFORM TO THE MAJORITY OPINION.
USUALLY WHEN MEMBERS CONFORM WITH THE MAJORITY, BUT ALSO WHEN
THE MAJORITY MOVES TOWARDS THE MINORITY VIEW.
ONLY WHEN A CONSISTENT MINORITY RISES TO LEAD THE GROUP.
USUALLY WHEN GROUPS ARE SMALL IN SIZE.
:CACCORDING TO KELLY, REFERENCE GROUPS HAVE TWO FUNCTIONS:
AUTOKINETIC AND CONFORMATIVE.
CONFORMATIVE AND NORMATIVE.
NORMATIVE AND COMPARISON.
NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIONAL.
q/*2CTHE FOLLOWING HAS THE GREATEST DEGREE OF RESEARCH SUPPORT AS A POSSIBLE
EXPLANATION OF THE RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT:
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DECISION.
INCREASED FAMILIARITY WITH THE MATERIAL.
RISK AS A CULTURAL VALUE.
THE PERSUASIVENESS OF THE RISKIER GROUP MEMBERS.
#+*AACCORDING TO WRIGHTSMAN, THE CRUCIAL FACTOR(S) DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT
A MORE RISKY OR A MORE CAUTIOUS DECISION WILL BE MADE IS (ARE):
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DECISION.
THE RELIGIOUS BACKGROUNDS OF THE MEMBERS.
INCREASED FAMILIARITY WITY THE MATERIAL.
ALL OF THESE.
w36DACCORDING TO CARTWRIGHT, IN SITUATIONS WHERE THE DECISION OF THE GROUP
HAS DIRECT CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PARTICIPANTS:
THE GROUP IS ALWAYS RISKIER THAN THE INDIVIDUALS.
THE GROUP IS ALWAYS LESS RISKY THAN THE INDIVIDUALS.
THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE.
THE GROUP'S DECISIONS ARE SOMETIMES MORE RISKY, SOMETIMES MORE CAUTIOUS,
AND SOMETIMES NO DIFFERENT FROM THE INDIVIDUAL'S DECISIONS.
7MYBIN STONER'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE RISKY SHIFT, WHEN THE SUBJECT'S JUDGMENTS
WERE RECORDED AS A GROUP AND AGAIN AS PRIVATE JUDGMENTS (AFTER THE GROUP
DECISION WAS MADE), HE FOUND:
NO DIFFERENCE IN RISK TAKING.
ABOUT 39 PERCENT HAD CHANGED TOWARD THE GREATER RISK.
ABOUT 5 PERCENT, ACTING AS INDIVIDUALS, CHANGED TOWARD GREATER RISK TAKING.
THAT ALL THE SUBJECTS, IN THEIR PRIVATE JUDGMENTS, CHANGED TO A GREATER
RISK DECISION.
H+DWHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT CHARACTERISTIC OF DEINDIVIDUATED PEOPLE:
LOSS OF INHIBITIONS.
FREEDOM TO DO AS THEY PLEASE.
HEIGHTENED EXPRESSIONS OF JOY AND SORROW.
SENSE OF INDIVIDUALISM.
@"$ ALEBON, THE FRENCH SOCIOLOGIST, CLAIMED THAT PEOPLE IN A CROWD:
YIELD TO THEIR LOWEST INSTINCTS.
HAVE A GREATER FEAR OF PUNISHMENT.
FIGHT FOR THEIR INDIVIDUALITY.
DO ALL OF THESE.
D   !BZIMBARDO (1969) FOUND THAT DEINDIVIDUATION SERVES THE FUNCTION OF:
SHOWING HOW CROWDS ARE FORMED.
RELEASING ANTISOCIAL FEELINGS.
ENHANCING FEELINGS OF EMPATHY.
KEEPING PEOPLE IN THEIR PLACES.
D&*"CIN ZIMBARDO'S STUDY, AN ANONYMOUS AND AS IDENTIFIABLE GROUP OF COLLEGE
GIRLS WERE INSTRUCTED TO GIVE ELECTRIC SHOCKS TO TWO VICTIMS, ONE OF
WHOM WAS PLEASANT AND ONE OF WHOM WAS OBNOXIOUS.  THE ANONYMOUS GROUP:
GAVE FEWER SHOCKS TO THE PLEASANT GIRL THAN TO THE ABNOXIOUS GIRL.
GAVE VERY FEW SHOCKS TO EITHER GIRL.
SHOCKED BOTH GIRLS AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE.
SHOCKED ONLY THE OBNOXIOUS GIRL.
n! 2BDURING THE ABANDONED-CAR STUDY, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO STOLE
PARTS OF THE ABANDONED CAR WERE:
MAINLY OF THE LOWER CLASS.
WELL-DRESSED, CLEAN-CUT ADULTS.
BETWEEN THE AGES OF 11 AND 17.
DIFFICULT OT OBSERVE BECAUSE THEY CAME AT NIGHT.
=BMILGRAM'S EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN CRITICIZED ON THE BASIS OF:
STATISTICAL METHODS USED.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
POOR SAMPLING
LACK OF ADEQUATE CONTROLS.
23@3DWHEN MILGRAM'S SUBJECTS WERE GIVEN KOHLBERG'S MORAL JUDGMENT PROBLEMS,
HOW DID THOSE WHO REFUSED TO FOLLOW ORDERS COMPARE WITH THOSE WHO WERE
OBEDIENT TO THE END?
THEY WERE AT A LOWER LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
THEY WERE AT THE SAME LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
THE REFUSED TO ANSWER KOHLBERG'S PROBLEMS FOR ETHICAL REASONS.
THEY WERE AT A HIGHER LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
xHCACCORDING TO MILGRAM'S FIRST EXPERIMENT ON OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY,
WHAT PROPORTION OF THE SUBJECTS OBEYED TO THE END?
NONE TO THEM WERE ABLE TO ADMINISTER THE LAST AND HIGHEST LEVEL SHOCK.
LESS THAN 50 PERCENT.
MORE THAN 50 PRTCENT.
ABOUT 97 PERCENT.
H>(8ACHARISMA REFERS TO:
A SPECIAL GIFT OF SOCIAL GRACE SAID TO MAKE PEOPLE INEVITABLE LEADERS.
THE TENDENCY OF PEOPLE TO GROUP TOGETHER IN TIMES OF STRESS.
SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS.
A SOCIETY'S EFFORT TO REFORM ITS MORE WAYWARD MEMBERS.
DTHE TRAIT APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP HAS SHOWN THAT THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTIC(S) IS (ARE) REPEATEDLY FOUND IN LEADERS:
INTELLIGENCE.
DOMINANCE.
VERBAL FRUENCY.
ALL OF THESE.
6&D@COF THE MANY ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE IN AN
EMERGENCY SITUATION, THE TWO BASIC DETERMINANTS APPEAR TO BE:
AGGRESSIVE TENDENCIES AND A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY.
JUSTIFICATION REACTION AND ALTRUISM.
PERCEPTION OF AN EMERGENCY AND A SENSE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY.
IDENTIFICATION WITH THE VICTIM AND PERCEPTION OF AN EMERGENCY.
+8FATHE BYSTANDER EFFECT DOES NOT OCCUR WHEN:
AN INDIVIDUAL BELIEVES OTHERS IN THE GROUP CAN'T HELP.
THE OBSERVERS ARE STRANGERS.
ONE OF THE OBSERVERS IS OBVIOUSLY COMPETENT TO HANDLE THE EMERGENCY.
STIMULUS OVERLOAD OCCURS.
0)+,+AHELPING BEHAVIOR IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR WHIN:
THE EMERGENCY IS SEEM AS WELL AS HEARD.
THE BYSTANDERS HEAR THE VICTIM'S SCREAMS.
SEVERAL INDIVIDUALS OBSERVE THE EMERGENCY.
PEOPLE ARE OBEDIENT TO AUTHORITY FIGURES.
:TCIEDBASED ON RESEARCH, THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE ABOUT CROWDING?
IT IS CROWDING ITSELF, AND NOT THE ANTICIPATION OF CROWDING, THAT HAS 
AN EFFECT.
THERE ARE NO SEX DIFFERENCES REVEALED IN THE STUDIES OF CROWDING.
WHETHER THE CROWDING EFFECT IS LONG- OF SHORT-TERM MAKES NO DIFFERENCE.
CROWDING MODIFIES THE INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE TO ALMOST ANY STIMULUS.
]')&CIN PLAMMING FOR A MORE EFFECTIVE URBAN ENVIRONMENT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
WOULD YOU OMIT?
PLANNING FOR THE POOR.
PLANNING FOR RECREATIONAL FACILITIES.
USE OF THE CAGE DESIGN OF ARCHITECTURE.
PLANNING FOR MAXIMUM FAMILY PRIVACY.
=BTHE DISTANCE OF 0 TO 1.5 FEET BETWEEN PEOPLE IS CONSIDERED:
PERSONAL DESTANCE.
INTIMATE DISTANCE.
PUBLIC DISTANCE.
SOCIAL DISTANCE.
H3*3:ATHE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS HAVE BEEN SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH, EXCEPT THAT:
MEN ARE TOUCHED MORE OFTEN BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN.
INVASION OF PERSONAL SPACE IS STRESSFUL.
MALES ARE MORE COMFORTABLE WITH ADJACENT SEATING.
WOMEN ARE MORE COMFORTABLE WITH FACE-TO-TO-FACE SEATING.