IMD 1.17: 18/02/2010 8:56:01  \NGEN-44monetB_NcX $SYSIntro NGEN9|M^2am fv JHPN   NO CHANGE!+\N?Executive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Command-Suppose you are in the Executive and youwould like to see a list of availablecommands. Just press the Help key (try it now!)-1PG   NO CHANGE!RN:Executive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPCommand Commands are: Append% LCopy Assemble# Librarian Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Link Backup Volume Logout Bootstrap" Maintain File Change Volume Name New Command Cluster Status Path Copy' PLog Create Configuration File Print Create Directory Record Create File Remove Command Debug File! Remove Directory Delete% Rename Disable Cluster Replay Dump' Restore Edit' Resume Cluster Files& Run Floppy Copy Run File Format% Screen Setup Install Queue Manager Selective Backup Install Spooler Set Directory Protection IVolume$ Set File Prefix Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP   NO CHANGE!NtExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPCommand Commands are: Append% LCopy Assemble# Librarian Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Link  Backup Volume Logout Bootstrap 4 Change Vol Cluster StHere's what you get! (We'll go over several of Copy these commands later.) Create Con Create DirNote the message at the bottom of the screen. Create Fil Try pressing the Next Page key now. Debug File Delete 4 Disable Cluster Replay Dump' Restore Edit' Resume Cluster Files& Run Floppy Copy Run File Format% Screen Setup Install Queue Manager Selective Backup Install Spooler Set Directory Protection IVolume$ Set File Prefix Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP;%33   NO CHANGE! +NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Backup Volume Logout Bootstrap" Maintain File Change Volume Name New Command Cluster Status Path Copy' PLog Create Configu ration File Print Create Directory Record Create File Remove Command Debug File! Remove Directory Delete% Rename Disable Cluster Replay Dump' Restore Edit' Resume Cluster Files& Run Floppy Copy Run File  Format% Screen Setup Install Queue Manager Selective Backup Install Spooler Set Directory Protection IVolume$ Set File Prefix Set Protection Submit Set Time# Type Spooler Status Volume Status Stop Record CommandPG  &NO CHANGE!8oNDExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Backup Volume Logout Bootstrap" Maintain File Change Volume Name New Command Cluster Status Path Copy' PLog Create Configuration File Print Create Directory , Create File Debug File The rest of the commands are displayed Delete and the command prompt reappears. Disable Cluster Dump Now press Help again . Edit Files , Floppy Copy Run File Format% Screen Setup Install Queue Manager Selective Backup Install Spooler Set Directory Protection IVolume$ Set File Prefix Set Protection Submit Set Time# Type Spooler Status Volume Status Stop Record CommandP?)G  NO CHANGE! NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPCommand Append Append each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstation to emulate a TTY. Backup Volume Archive all of a volume's files and verify the integrity of the volume. Bootstrap Bootstrap a specified diagnostic or operating system. Change Volume Name Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP  <NO CHANGE!N_Executive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPCommand Append Append each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. ,Asynchronous TerminAllow a workstationBecause this is the second time that you Backup Volume have pressed the Help key in succession,Archive all of a voolume. the Executive gives you more detailedBootstrap Bootstrap a specifiinformation. Try pressing Scroll Up now! Change Volume Name ,Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP/@ <NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Append Append each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstation to emulate a TTY. Backup Volume Archive all of a volume's files and verify the integrity of the volume. Bootstrap Bootstrap a specified diagnostic or operating system. Change Volume Name Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP  <NO CHANGE!/NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9 .6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Append Append each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstation to emulate a TTY. (Backup Volume Archive all of a voluPress the Scroll Up key two more times volume. Bootstrap (Bootstrap a specified diagnostic or operating system. Change Volume Name Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP=p <NO CHANGE!#NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPAppend Append each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstation to emulate a TTY. Backup Volume Archive all of a volume's files and verify the integrity of the volume. Bootstrap Bootstrap a specified diagnostic or operating system. Change Volume Name Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Create Configuration File Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP =" <J"NO CHANGE!\"JN2Executive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPAppend each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstation to emulate a TTY. Backup Volume Archive all of a volume's files and verify the integrity of the volume.  Bootstrap Bootstrap a specified diagnostic or operating system. Change Volume Name Change the name and password of a disk volume. Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Create Configuration File Create a printer or communications configuration file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP % %NO CHANGE!%NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMPAppend each of a list of files to a (possibly existing) file. Assemble Invoke the assembler for the list of files given. Asynchronous Terminal Emulator Allow a workstati0 Backup Volume Good!Archive all of a ume. Congratulations!Youshould now have a firmBootstrap grip on the basics of using the Executive.Bootstrap a speciWe'll return now to the menu for this section so that you can look at several useful Exec-Change Volume Namutive commands.Change the name a 0Cluster Status Report status information about the activity on a communications line. Copy Copy a file to another file. Create Configuration File Create a printer or communications configuration file. Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continue time 0x0C time time  time   time time ics>Wildcards.26)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.27:)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.28c)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.29)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.30)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.31)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.32)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.330)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.34Y)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.35)GExec>Basics>Wildcards.36(XExec>Basics>TWwildcards#XExec>Basics>TWhelp'B[sys]Exec>Initial.path2am >f JHPN  .NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]      [sys]NSueNP !NO CHANGE!3>NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]  'Notethateachvolumehasseveral  directoriesandthateachdirectory,inturn,containsseveralfiles. '[sys]NSueN'''''''''wl Files& Run Floppy Copy Run File Format% Screen Setup Install Queue Manager Selective Backup Install Spooler Set Directory Protection IVolume$ Set File Prefix Press NEXT PAGE or SCROLL UP to continueP  NO CHANGE!NuExecutive 5.0.4 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-5.0.4) User name: CandicePath: [Sys]Wed Oct 16, 1985 6:53 PMPCommand Commands are: Append% LCopy Assemble# Librarian Asynchronous Terminal Emulator L NGEN2am d< JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Command94Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG  NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commandd64Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG  NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commandde54Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG  NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commanddel44Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG   NO CHANGE! NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commanddele34Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG` m NO CHANGE! NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commanddelet24Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PGA N NO CHANGE!` NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commanddelete14 Before we leave wildcards, you try it out!We want to delete all files in the currentdirectories whose names end in "-old".Type "delete" (no quotes) -- if you need helppress the Help key.4PG# 0NO CHANGE!BNExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP Commanddelete*Now press the Return key9PG" /NO CHANGE!AyNMExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list[Confirm each?]* Good!Now type the wildcard specificationwhich matches all -old files in thecurrent directory.*P=V NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*[Confirm each?]P= NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-[Confirm each?]P= NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-o[Confirm each?]P= NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-ol[Confirm each?]P= NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]P=t NO CHANGE!5NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]&Finally press the Go key to startthe command.&P=  NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . (P   NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . done.#P   NO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . P   O NO CHANGE! NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.P (  5NO CHANGE!G"NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Command GPGi OvNO CHANGE!NExecutive 10.2 (OS t1ClstrLfsMp-9.6) User name: CandicePath: [Sys] Fri Jan 3, 1987 12:04 PMP  CommanddeleteDeleteFile list*-old[Confirm each?]Deleting Report-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Command % Excellent!Now we have one more subjectto cover in "Executive Basics."% ~d ~ In this exercise we are going to practice ~ ~ using Executive wildcards. ~ ~ Begin by typing the "delete" command. ~ ~~ ~ Dismiss this message and press 'd' ... ~ e l e t e time 0x0A Return * - o l d time  time time time time time time2am si JHPN  NO CHANGE!+N  @ OMNO CHANGE!_N Exe y ONO CHANGE!'NExecutive Wildca  ONO CHANGE!/NExecutive Wildcards    ONO CHANGE!,/NExecutive Wildcards [ OhNO CHANGE!z/NExecutive Wildcards-   ONO CHANGE!/NExecutive Wildcards6  >NO CHANGE!sNExecutive Wildcards6M6Earlier we suggested that it is possible tospecify a list of files in an Executive command.You might wish to copy all files in one directoryinto a directory on another volume or you mightwant to delete all files whose names end with"-old", etc.6MCLLLL                              KKKKK 2am Fd JHPN   NO CHANGE!+FN'Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>* -old[Confirm each?]This one even hurts to look at so let's fix it beforecontinuing .4?2am Ke JHPN   NO CHANGE!+EN&Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]This one even hurts to look at so let's fix it beforecontinuing .4?p  }NO CHANGE!KN/Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?].Incidentally, we should also add that you probably want to be carefulin general when it comes to deleting -old files. If for some reasonyou need to recover an aborted word processing session (because of apower failure, for instance), the -old files corresponding to the files you edited must exist in order for the recovery to complete.42am d  JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NvExecutive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]It is common to delete word processor -old files since they takeup disk space, but you probably want to do so in accordance withthe policies where you work.42am e  JHPN   NO CHANGE!+ NExecutive Wildcards6INow, when you press Return to leave a field that has a wildcardspecification, the Executive can "expand the wildcard(s)", thatis, it will show you the files it found that matched the speci-fication. Frequently, all of the matched file names won't fiton the line so that the Executive will use dots of ellipsis (.)as will be shown below .IDeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]42am 6e JHPN   $NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6INow, when you press Return to leave a field that has a wildcardspecification, the Executive can "expand the wildcard(s)", thatis, it will show you the files it found that matched the speci-fication. Frequently, all of the matched file names won't fiton the line so that the Executive will use dots of ellipsis (.)as will be shown below .IDelete File list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]4;  HNO CHANGE!Z NExecutive Wildcards6INow, when you press Return to leave a field that has a wildcardspecification, the Executive can "expand the wildcard(s)", thatis, it will show you the files it found that matched the speci-fication. Frequently, all of the matched file names won't fiton the line so that the Executive will use dots of ellipsis (.)as will be shown below .IDeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]4d  qNO CHANGE!6NExecutive Wildcards6INow, when you press Return to leave a field that has a wildcardspecification, the Executive can "expand the wildcard(s)", thatis, it will show you the files it found that matched the speci-fication. Frequently, all of the matched file names won't fiton the line so that the Executive will use dots of ellipsis (.)as will be shown below .IDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]k4` NO CHANGE!N}Executive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]k4`q ~ NO CHANGE! NExecutive Wildcards60Incidentally, not all commands will expandwildcards when you leave a field as shown below. The wildcards will still work forsuch commands, however, so don't be alarmedif you don't see the expansion.0DeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]k4` 2am *d JHPN  NO CHANGE!+*NExecutive Wildcards67Now, let's see what happens when Go is pressedtostart the Delete command below (Press Next Page).7DeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]k4`2am bd JHPN   ONO CHANGE!+N}Executive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]   ONO CHANGE!NExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old .   ONO CHANGE!NExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done. X  OeNO CHANGE!wNExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . I  OVNO CHANGE!hNExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done. @  OMNO CHANGE!_NExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . H X  OeNO CHANGE!wNExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.C u +NO CHANGE!"NExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Deleting LetterToBill-old .  1 NO CHANGE! (NExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Deleting LetterToBill-old .done.   * NO CHANGE! KN;Executive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposa l-old . done.Deleting LetterToBill-old .done.Deleting projections-old . g 0t NO CHANGE! QNAExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Deleting LetterToBill-old .done.Deleting projections-old .done.  O NO CHANGE! bNJExecutive Wildcards6yDeleteFile list report-old budg.ule projections-old[Confirm each?]Deleting report-old . done.Deleting budget-old . done.Deleting proposal-old . done.Deleting LetterToBill-old .done.Deleting projections-old .done.Command >2am e JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6To review then, the *-wildcardstands for any number ofletters-- whatever letters areneeded to match filenames.In using wildcards, all of the considerations for currentpath still apply. After all, the Executive processes filespecifications which have wildcards in two phases -- firstit expands the specification to a list of file names whichmatch the "wildcarded" specification and then it uses eachfile name just as if you had typed it in.J&2am d JHPN  ,NO CHANGE!+NwExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docJuneReport.mpJulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc(the .doc suffix might indicate that the file isa word processing documentand the .mp suffixthat the file is a Multiplan spreadsheet) 2am ~d  JHPN  GNO CHANGE!+~NnExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docJuneReport.mpJulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc;Can you come up with a wildcard expression that matchesJuneReport.doc and JulyReport.doc?; 2am h_ JHPN  8NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6M0The Executive provides a facility called wildcardingto let you specify a number of tofiles with one file specification. Hereiscommand.a typical wildcard specificationdirectory <*>*-oldu might0want to delete all files whose names end with"-old", etc.6MCL  A A A A AKKKKK2am 5e JHPN  .NO CHANGE!+5NExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.doc*.doc doesn't workJuneReport.mpbecause it also matchesJulyReport.docProjections.doc .JulyReport.mpProjections.doc;Can you come up with a wildcard expression that matchesJuneReport.doc and JulyReport.d oc?;%0=======2am e JHPN  +NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docbut *report.docJuneReport.mpdoes work!JulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc;Can you come up with a wildcard expression that matchesJuneReport.doc and JulyReport.doc?;) 0=======2am d JHPN   ONO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docJuneReport.mpJulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc- ?:NO CHANGE!LNkExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docJuneReport.mpJulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc;Now suppose we wanted to match all files above exceptthe last one, Projections.doc .;_2am d  JHPN  ,NO CHANGE!+NyExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docJuneReport.mpJulyReport.docJulyReport.mpProjections.doc;The trick is that all of the desired files have theletters "Report" in the middle of their names .;'2am dt JHPN  +NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6GLet's look at another example .)Suppose the default directory contained the filesJuneReport.docTherefore, *report*JuneReport.mpmatches the desiredJulyReport.docfiles!JulyReport.mpProjections.doc;The trick is that all of the desired files have theletters "Report" in the middle of their names .;:02am cF JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+/NExecutive Wildcards6 Z  &gNO CHANGE!yNExecutive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*). 2am =d JHPN  NO CHANGE!+=N-Executive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*).Suppose our default directory contained the files  Report.1  Report.2  Report.mp  2am d JHPN  @NO CHANGE!+NrExecutive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*).Suppose our default directory contained the files  Report.1  Report.2  Report.mpNow, how might we match Report.1 and Report.2 but notReport.mp? 2am dD JHPN  @NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*).Suppose our default directory contained the files  Report.1  Report.2  Report.mpNow, how might we match Report.1 and Report.2 but notReport.mp?report.* doesn't work since the * would also match "mp". )2am Ze JHPN  6NO CHANGE!+ZNExecutive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*).Suppose our default directory contained the files  Report.1  Report.2  Report.mpNow, how might we match Report.1 and Report.2 but notReport.mp?report.* doesn't work since the * would also match "mp".. but report.? does since the ? wildcard can match onlya single letter, that is the "1" and the "2"P7 8 2am 'h  JHPN  KNO CHANGE!+'NExecutive Wildcards6M0The Executive provides a facility called wildcardingto let you specify a number of specifyfiles with one file specification. Hereis&a typical wildcard specifica The asterisk (*) is the wildcard <*>*-old<It means "any sequence of characterswhich give a legitimatefile name."want to delete all fil"-old", etc.Therefore, the file specificationat left matches all file names ending in "-old" in all directories!&MCLLLLLLLL$$$"$$$$$$$$$$$$2am c JHPN  $NO CHANGE!+N|Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .l 2am Pd JHPN  ,NO CHANGE!+PN*Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile fromFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$2am dv  JHPN  ,NO CHANGE!+VN-Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .Copy File fromFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?] $ -NO CHANGE!SN-Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile fromwhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile fromwhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile fromwhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from<sueFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$O 1\ NO CHANGE!n WN1Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile fromFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$ 2 NO CHANGE! XN2Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*File to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$< 3I NO CHANGE![ YN3Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.File to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$ 4 NO CHANGE! ZN4Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.dFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$- 5:NO CHANGE!L[N5Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.doFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]I$ 6NO CHANGE!\N6Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach? ]I$" ,/NO CHANGE!A\N6Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]$p -NO CHANGE!_N9Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to<[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]$p .(NO CHANGE!:`N:Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile towhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile towhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile towhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]$p  2*NO CHANGE!<dN>Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to*[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]$p "NO CHANGE!NExecutive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to*[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]#This works just fine but it causes all of the files copied into to be named as they were in except that they don'thave the suffix ".doc".2am ;e   JHPN  NO CHANGE!+;NExecutive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Suppose you wanted to copy all files in the directorywhich ended in .doc into the directory .CopyFile from*.docFile to*[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]"In other words, when the Executive matched files using *.doc,the * stood for letters in file names up to the .doc suffix!Whenused in assigning names for the copied files, the * retained those values.[2am 1d JHPN   ONO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Also, it is not permissable to use wildcards like this .[@ ; NO CHANGE!1NExecutive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Also, it is not permissable to use wildcards like this .CopyFile from*.docFile toreport.doc[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]@2am Ne JHPN  ,NO CHANGE!+NN4Executive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Also, it is not permissable to use wildcards like this .CopyFile from*.docFile toreport.doc[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?]You can see that in the command above it's possible that thefirst parameter will be several files while the second is asingle file. Even if the wildcard specification matched onlya single file, the Executive won't let you do this sort of thing. If you try, you'll see .@  2am kd JHPN  NO CHANGE!+kNKExecutive Wildcards6There is just one last caution regarding the use of wildcardsin Executive commands .Also, it is not permissable to use wildcards like this .CopyFile from*.docFile toreport.doc[Overwrite ok?][Confirmeach?] report.doc has a mismatched wildcard.$2am cf JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]42am d) JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]But be very careful when you use wildcards to delete files! Sincea wildcard file specification possibly stands for a great many files,you could slip up and delete precious data.4 2am <d JHPN  NO CHANGE!+<N Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]{Particularly disasterouswould be to put a space before the -old above .4  2am Cd JHPN   NO CHANGE!+BN#Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>*-old[Confirm each?]tParticularly disasterouswould be to put a space before the -old above .4m  zNO CHANGE!CN$Executive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>* -old[Confirm each?]tParticularly disasterouswould be to put a space before the -old above .42am d- JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>* -old[Confirm each?]/The space is treated as a separator so that the Executive assumesthat one of the files to delete is "-old" in the default path andthat the other files to delete are given by<*>*(Oh No!).42am e{ JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6You might use the <*>*-old to delete all of the "dash old" fileswhich the word processor creates when you edit documents:DeleteFile list <*>* -old[Confirm each?]/The space is treated as a separator so that the Executive assumesthat one of the files to delete is "-old" in the default path andthat the other files to delete are given by<*>*(Oh No!). Tragically, <*>* matches all files on the default volume!4  2am c$ JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>KThe Executive is an applicationin that it is a "program" which runs in your workstation memory. >2am Ge JHPN  NO CHANGE!+GNLThe Executive>KThe Executive is an applicationin that it is a "program" which runs in your workstation memory. Memory C T O SO ExecutivePROCESSOR <<"     .2am d JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NhThe Executive>KThe Executive is an applicationin that it is a "program" which runs in your workstation memory.The Executive application lets you copy, delete, and renamefiles, create and remove directories, initialize diskettesfor use, back up your system (make copies of important files"in mass") and a variety of other functions.B2am eE   JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>KThe Executive is an applicationin that it is a "program" which runs in your workstation memory.The Executive application lets you copy, delete, and renamefiles, create and remove directories, initialize diskettesfor use, back up your system (make copies of important files"in mass") and a variety of other functions.Therefore, the Executive is a very special application in thatyou use it to do a variety of "workstation maintenance" chores, tasks which span all other applications and which have more todo with the file system and the workstation than with a specificbusiness application such as word processing.B.2am Jf JHPN   CNO CHANGE!+JNThe Executive>KThe Executive is an applicationin that it is a "program" ~'F<:;7  7; . KNO CHANGE!gNThe Executive>HDDH. +NO CHANGE!=WNThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even more "executive-like" in itsdelegation of authority.  Historically, the only way to startan application such as the word processor has been to issuean appropriate command from the Executive. The Executive thenstopped itself and brought the indicated application into memory. When that application ended, the Executive was thenautomatically started again, ready for new workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH.2am 9g JHPN   #NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command memory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C  #NO CHANGE!#NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Mmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C     # NO CHANGE! NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Mumemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C  #NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Mulmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C  #NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C  #NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multimemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C    #NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multipmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C  #NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multiplmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C!  #"NO CHANGE!"NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multiplamemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C%  # &NO CHANGE!&NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multiplanmemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C  *  #*NO CHANGE! *NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into memory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH"C-  #-NO CHANGE!-9NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startC T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate coM u l t i p l a n. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into memory. When tha Executive was then automatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C2am fl JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even more "executive-like" in its$delegationway to startIt is interesting to consider thatan applicatn to issuethis "start application" functionan approproxecutive thenof the Executive becomes far lessstopped ition into significant for workstations whichmemory. Whve was thenuse the Context Manager.automaticatation manage-$ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH@               C2am cn JHPN   NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-S2am Qe JHPN  ANO CHANGE!+QN'The Executive>Volumes, directories, and files have names. Moreover, the fullname of a file includes the volume and directory which containthe file since, for example, a word processing document and aMultiplan spreadsheet could both be called "Report" if they livedin separate directories. Volume? directorydirectory"Report""Report"(the document)(the spreadsheet)?r  2am c@ JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>In a full file specification,the volume name goes in square brackets []and the directory name is enclosed by angle brackets <> [sys]Report  2am cu JHPN   8NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>In a full file specification,the volume name goes in square brackets []and the directory name is enclosed by angle brackets <> volume file  [sys]ReportdirectoryF 2am cO JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>The volume reference [sys] is not the real name of any volume; ratherit means "the volume from which the operating system was loaded." [sys]Report 2am Ce JHPN  NNO CHANGE!+CN!The Executive>The volume reference [sys] is not the real name of any volume; ratherit means "the volume from which the operating system was loaded." [d0]ReportAnother kind of indirect volume reference is a device name such as [d0].[d0] means"the firsthard disk at my workstation." It is very common,for example, to use a volume name of [f0] or [f1] which mean [f0]the diskette in the leftmost floppydisk drive at my workstation[f1]the diskette in the second floppy disk drive at my workstation 2am dj  JHPN  7NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>The volume reference [sys] is not the real name of any volume; ratherit means "the volume from which the operating system was loaded." [!d0]ReportWhen several workstations are clustered together, it is common tostore files at the master workstation. A device reference precededby an exclamation mark (!) means "at the master." [!d0], for example,means "the first hard disk drive at the master workstation." 2am )d JHPN   <NO CHANGE!+)NThe Executive>Finally, more often than not you do not need to specify the full name of a file. This is because the system keeps track of thecurrent "path,"that is the volume and directory names which willbe assumed if you do not specify themin a file name. 2am d JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Finally, more often than not you do not need to specify the full name of a file. This is because the system keeps track of thecurrent "path,"that is the volume and directory names which willbe assumed if you do not specify themin a file name.[It's easy to understand why these "default" volume and directorynames together are called a "path." 02am d] JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Finally, more often than not you do not need to specify the full name of a file. This is because the system keeps track of thecurrent "path,"that is the volume and directory names which willbe assumed if you do not specify themin a file name.[It's easy to understand why these "default" volume and directorynames together are called a "path." j Imagine that several volumes are available to you .T0 @2am >f JHPN  .NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]      [sys]NSueNP !NO CHANGE!3>NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]  'Notethateachvolumehasseveral  directoriesandthateachdirectory,inturn,containsseveralfiles. '[sys]NSueN'''''''''wl2am `d JHPN   !NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-S#  "0NO CHANGE!BNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSoFile  to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-S;  #HNO CHANGE!ZNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSouFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-ST  $aNO CHANGE!sNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-Sn  %{NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourcFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-S  &NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-S  NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-  ! NO CHANGE! NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toT[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-  " NO CHANGE! NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTa[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-  # NO CHANGE! NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTar[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-!  $. NO CHANGE!@ NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarg[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-C  %PNO CHANGE!bNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarge[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-f   &sNO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]-  $NO CHANGE!0NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source"  NO CHANGE!ENThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source= JNO CHANGE!\HNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file: CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source       'NO CHANGE!XNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source 1(NO CHANGE!:XNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source 4NO CHANGE!XNThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u Source  <NO CHANGE!(`NThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromSourceFile toTarget[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]u SourceTarget2am {f JHPN  NO CHANGE!+{NThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00amP[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN  R"""Lq2am f2  JHPN  .NO CHANGE!+qNThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00amP[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN R"""l NO CHANGE!vNThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys] FriJan3,19879:00amP[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN R"""l1 *> NO CHANGE!P vNThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00amP[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN R"""l  * NO CHANGE! NThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00am)$[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN +$"""lv *NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00am)$[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory   therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN +$"""l4 3ANO CHANGE!SNThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00am)$[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]NSueN +$"""l 2NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00am)$[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]0SueN +$"""l 3NO CHANGE!NThe Executive>Executive10.2Username:YourNamePath:[sys]FriJan3,19879:00am)$[!d0][f0]  'The default volume and directory  therefore form a "path," of sorts,to a collection of files . '[sys]0  SueN +$"""l2am d|  JHPN   $NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>This completes our introduction to the Executive andabrief review of the NGEN file system. Let's return tothe menu for this section so that you can continue witha look at the basics of using the Executive. 2am e JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NiThe Executive>Many of the Executive commands deal directly with files. The Copycommand, for example, makes a copy of a designated file:CopyFile fromFile to[Overwrite ok?][Confirm each?]It's important, therefore, that you have a firm grasp on the conceptsinvolved in the NGEN file system. If you skipped the section in thistutorial which covers the file system ("F4 -- System" on the mainmenu)please go back and study it before continuing with the remaining sectionson the Executive. In any event, let's review briefly the major pointsinvolved in the NGEN file system .@p`2am c JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>The NGENfilesystemisorganizedaroundthreemajorcomponents: volumes directories files1 2am d> JHPN  ANO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>The NGENfilesystemisorganizedaroundthreemajorcomponents: volumes directories filesVolumes are either hard disks or floppy diskettesoO@  ? ANO CHANGE!NAThe Executive>The  NGENfilesystemisorganizedaroundthreemajorcomponents: volumes directories filesVolumes are either hard disks or floppy diskettes  O@   #2am d  JHPN  ANO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>The NGENfilesystemisorganizedaroundthreemajorcomponents: volumes directories files$Volumes contain directories which are simply collections of files@   /  2am e JHPN  ANO CHANGE!+]NThe Executive>The NGENfilesystemisorganizedaroundthreemajorcomponents: volumes directories files$Volumes contain directories which are simply collections of files@   / 000000000  NO CHANGE!N!The Executive>The NGEN file system is organized around three major components: volumes directories files$Volumes contain directories which are simply collections of files volumeL directory directory directory filesfilesfiles L@P /    YG2am dY  JHPN  CNO CHANGE!+N`The Executive>FA file is a single collection of data such asReport -- Page 2Sales Report~~~~or~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, a word processing documenta Multiplan spreadsheet2am Qd JHPN  NO CHANGE!+QN9The Executive>Volumes, directories, and files have names. Moreover, the fullname of a file includes the volume and directory which containthe file since, for example, a word processing document and aMultiplan spreadsheet could both be called "Report" if they livedin separate directories.Ar2am c P GExec>Intro>Intro.1$GExec>Intro>Intro.2?GExec>Intro>Intro.3ZGExec>Intro>Intro.4uGExec>Intro>Executive.1GExec>Intro>Executive.2GExec>Intro>Executive.3GExec>Intro>Executive.4GExec>Intro>Executive.5GExec>Intro>Executive.6/GExec>Intro>Executive.7NGExec>Intro>Executive.8mGExec>Intro>Files.1GExec>Intro>Files.2GExec>Intro>Files.3GExec>Intro>Files.4GExec>Intro>Files.5GExec>Intro>Files.6GExec>Intro>Files.7*GExec>Intro>Files.8EGExec>Intro>Files.9`GExec>Intro>Files.10|GExec>Intro>Files.11GExec>Intro>Files.12GExec>Intro>Files.13GExec>Intro>Files.14GExec>Intro>Files.15GExec>Intro>Files.16$GExec>Intro>Files.17@GExec>Intro>Files.18\GExec>Intro>Files.19xGExec>Intro>Files.20GExec>Intro>Files.21GExec>Intro>Files.22NExec>SubMenu2am sc  JHPN  NO CHANGE!+)N pT aNO CHANGE!s,NT p  NO CHANGE!5NThe Execut p NO CHANGE!=NThe Executive pO ,\NO CHANGE!n=NThe Executivep ?NO CHANGE!=NThe Executive-p ONO CHANGE!&=NThe Executive>pc 5pNO CHANGE!sN[The Executive>We're now ready to examine the NGEN Executive in some detail.h2am d9 JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>We're now ready to examine the NGEN Executive in some detail.This introductory section reinforces briefly the scatteredreferences to the Executive which you have already encounteredin this course and then reviews the important concepts involvedin the NGEN file system -- the vast majority of Executive commandsrequire that you have a sound understanding of file organization.@(j02am 6e JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+6NThe Executive>We're now ready to examine the NGEN Executive in some detail.This introductory section reinforces briefly the scatteredreferences to the Executive which you have already encounteredin this course and then reviews the important concepts involvedin the NGEN file system -- the vast majority of Executive commandsrequire that you have a sound understanding of file organization.The subsequent sections address: the basics of using the Executive several useful Executive commands@(2am c9  JHPN  NO CHANGE!+N ExercisesBefore we return back to the main menu,here's an opportunity to test your under-standing of the material just presented.% 2am d~ JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NContext Manager /Question 2GFill in the Blank .6The "current context" is the application which~~.(Type your answer and press GO when ready)K P 0 M)'*42am c P GCM>FIB1.RightLCM>FIB1.Common.Path2am c P GCM>FIB1.WrongLCM>FIB1.Common.Path2amtc thN N N N H The "current context" is the application which _. N N N N N t%pPownsthescreen sP ownsvideo(sPhascontrolofscreen5sP"hascontrolofscreenandkeyboard.sPcontrolsvideoandkeyboardA#sPisinforegroundd+sPisrunninginforeground'sPhascontrolofvideo)sPisinchargeofscreen6sP#isinchargeofscreenandkeyboard(sPisinchargeofvideo=!sPcontrolsvideo2am c P NCM>SubMenu2am e JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NfYou seem to have the right idea!}Remember contexts can be active but not own the screen.Such contexts can run in background, writing to their"private" screens until they need input from the keyboard. Providing that this input is not forthcomingfrom a submit file, a background context will stopuntil keyboard input is provided after you switch contexts back to it.The current context, however, is the application whichyou see on the screen and with which you interact.The current context is said to "own the screen" and tobe "running in foreground." 2am e  JHPN  NO CHANGE!+NiPerhaps the question was confusing.zRemember contexts can be active but not own the screen.Such contexts can run in background, writing to their"private" screens until they need input from the keyboard. Providing that this input is not forthcomingfrom a submit file, a background context will stopuntil keyboard input is provided after you switch contexts back to it.The current context, however, is the application whichyou see on the screen and with which you interact.The current context is said to "own the screen" and tobe "running in foreground."#2am d JHPN   NO CHANGE!+gNI What is the Context Manager? /  NO CHANGE!N What is the Context Manager?  The Context Manager is a software product that joins with the CTOS operating system so that your workstation can run several applications at the same time.G/12am *e JHPN   NO CHANGE!+*N What is the Context Manager? The Context Manager is a software product that joins with the CTOS operating system so that your workstation can run several applications at the same time. Not only does the Context Manager provide concurrency, i.e. several applications active at once, it also affords a simple user interface for managing all the applications. /0   2am cb  JHPN   NO CHANGE!+EN5  An Examplei p :}NO CHANGE!N  An Example*Suppose you are preparing to write a letter in the Word Processor one morning, but you recallthat you are expecting an important mail message . 2am 9e JHPN  NO CHANGE!+(NP PPDOCUMENTS:(PressFINISHtoexitWordProcessor)PressOtoOpendocumentPressWtochangeWorkareaDDeletedocumentLListdocumentsCCopydocumentRRenamedocument$PPS `NO CHANGE!r9NP P)Now you can switch contexts into theMail application with the stroke of a key!We'll look at the actual techniquein a few moments, but for now, justpress NEXT PAGE to see the effect!)PDOCUMENTS:(PressFINISHtoexitWordProcessor)PressOtoOpendocumentPressWtochangeWorkareaDDeletedocumentLListdocumentsCCopydocumentRRenamedocument$PP2am Xe JHPN   6NO CHANGE!+NInteractive Mail Manager 4.0 FriJan3,1987 10:13 AM In Tray is empty.5 New mailP0P FoldersDirScan Users SignoffIn Tray Maint Create Print  Open  Close P0P  6NO CHANGE!*2N Interactive Mail Manager 4.0 FriJan3,1987 10:13 AM In Tray is empty.5 New mailP+You press the "In Tray" function keyand decide to continueimmediatelyyourtrain of thought in the Word Processor.You switch contexts back into the WordProcessor, leaving the Mail package toprepare your mail for viewing in yourabsence!+SP FoldersDirScan Users SignoffIn Tray Maint Create Print  Open  Close P0P\ 6iNO CHANGE!{MNInteractive Mail Manager 4.0 FriJan3,1987 10:13 AM In Tray is empty.5 New mailP+You press the "In Tray" function keyand decide to continueimmediatelyyourtrain of thought in the Word Processor.You switch contexts back into the WordProcessor, leaving the Mail package toprepare your mail for viewing in yourabsence!#, FoldersDirScan Users SignoffIn Tray Maint Create Print  Open  Close P0#,  6NO CHANGE!ANInteractive Ma il Manager 4.0 FriJan3,1987 10:13 AM In Tray is empty.5 New mailP+You press the "In Tray" function keyand decide to continueimmediatelyyourtrain of thought in the Word Processor.You switch contexts back into the WordProcessor, leaving the Mail package toprepare your mail for viewing in yourabsence!+SPReading mail .FoldersDirScan Users SignoffIn Tray Maint Create Print  Open   Close P0P( F5 NO CHANGE!G XN0Interactive Mail Manager 4.0 Fri Jan 3, 1987 10:13 AM In Tray is empty.5 New mailP+You press the "In Tray" function keyand decide to continueimmediatelyyourtrain of thought in the Word Processor.You switch contexts back into the WordProcessor, leaving the Mail package toprepare your mail for viewing in yourabsence!(Press NEXT PAGE now)+SPReading mail .FoldersDirScan Users SignoffIn Tray Maint Create Print  Open  Close P0P2am d- JHPN  ONO CHANGE!+NP PU$Back in the Word Processor, youcontinue with your work .(Press NEXT PAGE)$PDOCUMENTS:(PressFINISHtoexitWordProcessor)PressOtoOpendocumentPressWtochangeWorkareaDDeletedocumentLListdocumentsCCopydocumentRRenamedocument$PP2am f JHPN  NO CHANGE!+(NP PPDOCUMENTS:(PressFINISHtoexitWordProcessor)PressOtoOpendocumentPressWtochangeWorkareaDDeletedocumentLListdocumentsCCopydocumentRRenamedocument$PPS  `NO CHANGE!rAN P PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name:= Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p NO CHANGE!GNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: L+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; P P9p &NO CHANGE!8HNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: Le+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p NO CHANGE!INP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: Let+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p NO CHANGE! JNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: Lett+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9pQ ^ NO CHANGE!p KNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: Lette+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p  NO CHANGE! LNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: Letter+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p& 3 NO CHANGE!E MNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterT+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p NO CHANGE!NNP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterTo+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p   NO CHANGE!ONP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterToB+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9pm !zNO CHANGE!ONP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterToBo+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PP9p  "NO CHANGE!ONP PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterToBob+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N)  Copy from document:; PP9pI OVNO CHANGE!h]N P PPOPENDOCUMENT:PressGOtocreatedocumentLetterToBob,CANCELtocancelcommandDocumentname:LetterToBobPassword:Allowchanges?YesNo(PressYorN)Copyfromdocument:+PP /v  &NO CHANGE!JN P PPOPEN DOCUMENT:(Press GO to execute, NEXT for next item, CANCEL to dismiss) Document name: LetterToBob+ Password:B Allow changes? Yes No (Press Y or N) Copy from document:; PPWp. ;NO CHANGE!MN{ A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- L-4(( NO CHANGE!N| A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- DL-4(( NO CHANGE!N} A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- DeL-4((Y fNO CHANGE!xN~ A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- DeaL-4(( !NO CHANGE!3N A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- DearL-4(( NO CHANGE!N A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- Dear L-4(( NO CHANGE!N A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- Dear BL-4((K XNO CHANGE!jN A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- Dear BoL-4((  NO CHANGE!)N A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- Dear BobL-4(( #NO CHANGE!N A  ( LetterToBob P 1 L 1 L- Dear Bob,L-4(( NO CHANGE!N׶ A  (  LetterToBob P 1 L 10 L- Dear Bob, I am writing to inquire as to your thoughts on "Plan B" which I sent to you on the 13th of this month. Do you believe that it will introduce sufficient leverage off of our existing European niche?  Please send me your thoughts as quickly as possible.1 Later, after working awhile in the Word Thanks,Processor, you can switch back to the Mail context in order to read your Billmorning mail.- -Again, this "context switch" is as simpleas pressing a key!(Press NEXT PAGE now)1(<    2am g JHPN  FNO CHANGE!+N~Interactive Mail Manager 4.0 Fri Jan 3, 1987 10:19 AM In Tray contains 7 messages." ( In Tray J. Andrews/WHQ-WM White Paper 6/10/85 11:04p UrgentA. Felder/ATL Prelim. Plans for ARB Conference 6/10/85 3:47p Normal J. Purvis/AckSys Final Draft of Tutorial 6/11/85 3:21a Normal A. Felder/ATL ARB Conference Addendum 6/11/85 7:46a Normal D. Milton/WHQ-WM Minutes of June Task Force Meeting 6/11/85 9:46a Normal( In  Tray / urgent Date: Jun 10, 1985 11:04 PM Message ID: WHQWM-012379 From: J. Andrews/WHQ-WM To: Y. Oulettee" Copies:. Attach: WhitePaper.doc+ Subject: White Paper% N Yon, I'm getting ready to distribute the document. Please review the changes you proposed in Section 2.Thanks,JohnP-P FoldersDirScan Reply Forward File Discard Home Print  Open  Close (x@((PP 5NO CHANGE!NInteractive Mail Manager 4.0 FriJan3,198710:19AM In Tray contains 7 messages." ( In Tray J. Andrews/WHQ-WM White Paper 6/10/85 11:04p UrgentA. Felder/ATL Prelim. Plans for ARB Conference 6/10/85 3:47p Normal J. Purvis/AckSys Final Draft of Tutorial 6/11/85 3:21a Normal A. Felder/A15 7:46a Normal D. Milton/W5 9:46a Normal Note how the Interactive Mail Manager wasable Date: to continue its work after you switchedcon-WM-012379 From: texts into the Word Processor! To: Copies: Not only does the Context Manager provide Attach: a simple interface for switching among sev- Subject: eral applications, it also allows all of the applications to continue running regardless Yon,of where you happen to be working at the time. I'm getting1he changes you proposed in Section 2.Thanks,JohnP-P FoldersDirScan Reply Forward File Discard Home Print  Open  Close Owx 2am od JHPN   NO CHANGE!+gNH How The Context Manager Works / ONO CHANGE!oNJ How The Context Manager Works  The Context Manager runs atop a "multi-partition" version of the CTOS operating system. In multi-partition CTOS, memory is divided into separate regions called "partitions." Different programs can run in different partitions. q/_q2am e  JHPN  2!NO CHANGE!+ NWhen the Context Manageris installed, it becomesthe primary application,but it allows the applications in other C T O Spartitions to assumeownership of video and keyboard. Primary  ApplicationApplication B Application A System Services  7 !DNO CHANGE!VNWhen the Context Manageris installed, it becomesthe primary application,but it allows the applications in other C T O Spartitions to assumeownership of video and keyboard. Context Manager Application CApplication B Application A System Services  2am fm JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+NWhen the Context Manageris installed, it becomesthe primary application,but it allows the applications in other C T O Spartitions to assumeownership of video and keyboard. Context Manager Indeed, this is exactlyApplication Cwhat a context switch is: an application whichhas been running inbackground, that is Application Bwithout ownership of thereal screen andkeyboard, assumes that Application Aownership. In otherwords you "see" thenew application on thescreen and can supply System Services keyboard input to it.P2am te  JHPN  <!NO CHANGE!+tNdWhat this means, of course is that not onlycan several applicationsrun concurrently (which, after all, is not so C T O Suncommon)but these applications can be your staple interactiveapplicationssuch as theContext ManagerWord Processor and Mailand the Executive, etc.! Application CApplication B Application A System Services   !NO CHANGE!mN]What this means, of course is that not onlycan several applicationsrun concurrently (which, after all, is not so C T O Suncommon)but these applications can be your staple interactiveapplicationssuch as theContext ManagerWord Processor and Mailand the Executive, etc.!  Word Processor Executive Mail System Services  2am ee JHPN  NO CHANGE!(NNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager Word Processor Executive Mail System Services   2am f JHPN  NO CHANGE!(NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have con trol of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |   NO CHANGE!NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager   Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services       {  NO CHANGE! NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  . 8 NO CHANGE!J NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  d NO CHANGE!NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of  theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  >  MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services        NO CHANGE!NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  b lNO CHANGE!~NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  d )NO CHANGE!;NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services        NO CHANGE!NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  # #NO CHANGE!#NdNThe application which has control of the real scr een and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  dS' ]'NO CHANGE!o'NdNThe application which has control of the real screen and keyboardis called the current context and is said to be running inforeground. Other applications running under the control of theContext Manager (to which you can switch contexts) are said to be activeand running in background if they are actually in memory and getting their share of the processor but simply don't have control of the screen.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services  |  2am ~f JHPN  NO CHANGE!(~NXNSince background contexts may think that they are interactiveapplications with full control of the screen and the keyboard,the Context Manager has to be clever to keep background applicationshappy; it gives them "virtual screens" so that they believe they are writing to the real video. Then, after a context switch, theContext Manager makes a virtual screen the real screen and vice versa.NContext Manager  Word Processor> W P > Executive  > MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services   2am f`  JHPN  2!NO CHANGE!+"N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services     aM !ZNO CHANGE!l;N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services     a !NO CHANGE!'N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services      ! NO CHANGE! 4N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services     @ !MNO CHANGE!_;N E x e c<  C T O S   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services      a !NO CHANGE!'N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l   Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services      !NO CHANGE!4N E x e c<  C T O S  Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services     3 !@NO CHANGE!R"N E x e c<  C T O S   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services     at : NO CHANGE!{N< E x e c<Now watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services 44444444 ! NO CHANGE!- N< E x e c<Now watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l   Word Processor> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services //   a$ !$NO CHANGE!1$N> E x e c<Now watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l  Word ProcessorX> W P  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services //   a(  !%(NO CHANGE!7(N0 E x e c<Now watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services //a, !,NO CHANGE! ,N E x e cNow watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services    / !/NO CHANGE!/N; W P<Now watch what happenswhen the user makes a context switch from the Word Processor to C T O Sthe Executive.   Context Manager M a i l  Word Processor>E x e c   Executive   MailB a c k g r o u n dF o r e g r o u n d System Services    2am ye JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+yNWYou might think that thenumber of contexts towhich you can switch easily is limited by thenumber of partitionsthat have been defined. C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services    2am eC JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+NThis is not the case, however. If you switch to an application which is not in memory, the ContextManager can "swap" one ofthe applications in C T O Smemory out to disk inorder to make room for thenew "context."ntext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services    2am =e  JHPN  NO CHANGE!+=N Let's watch as a user switches contexts to the Extended Multiplanapplication . C T O Sntext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services    2am f8 JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+N1The user wants to switch contexts to anapplication not inmemory. Since thereis no room in memory C T O Sfor the application,the Context Managermakes room.Context Manager   Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           2am dI JHPN  NO CHANGE!+N How The Context Manager Works The Context Manager runs atop a "multi-partition" version of the CTOS operating system. In multi-partition CTOS, memory is divided into separate regions called "partitions." Different programs can run in different partitions. Let's take a look at a multi-partition operating system environment ./p2am Kf  JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X     !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager   Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager   Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    " NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            ! NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c   Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        3   j !wNO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  Word Processor>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   K !XNO CHANGE!jN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive   MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    !(NO CHANGE!:N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X     !NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   ! !!NO CHANGE!!N  C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   $ !$NO CHANGE!$N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   Y' !f'NO CHANGE!x'N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         X   '* !4*NO CHANGE!F*N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   , !-NO CHANGE!-N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   / !/NO CHANGE!/N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                          X   2 "2NO CHANGE!2N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   _5 !l5NO CHANGE!~5N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        5   -8 !:8NO CHANGE!L8N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        4   : !;NO CHANGE!;N C T O SContext Manager   >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        3   = !=NO CHANGE!=N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        2   @ !@NO CHANGE!@N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c   Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        1   eC !rCNO CHANGE!CN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        0   3F !@FNO CHANGE!RFN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           I !INO CHANGE! IN C T O SContext Manager   >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           K !KNO CHANGE!KN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        =   N !NNO CHANGE!NN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        l   tQ !QNO CHANGE!QN  C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           ET !RTNO CHANGE!dTN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive   MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           W  ! WNO CHANGE!2WN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   Y !YNO CHANGE!YKN2Now the new application isloaded into the partition whichwas just vacated. C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   2am Mf JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d  System Services                                            !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                             !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        o   | ! NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        9   M !Z NO CHANGE!l N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive   MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            !+NO CHANGE!=N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            !NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager    >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        +    !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        ,    !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   V !cNO CHANGE!uN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         X   $ !1NO CHANGE!CN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    ! NO CHANGE!!N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   # !#NO CHANGE!#N   C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         X   & !&NO CHANGE!&N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   \) !i)NO CHANGE!{)N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   *, !7,NO CHANGE!I,N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   . !/NO CHANGE!/N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   1 !1NO CHANGE!1N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services        !                                 X   4 !4NO CHANGE!4N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   b7 !o7NO CHANGE!7N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         X   0: !=:NO CHANGE!O:N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   < ! =NO CHANGE!=N C T O SContext Manager   >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   ? !?NO CHANGE!?N C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   B !BNO CHANGE!BN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c !  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    mE !zENO CHANGE!EN C T O SContext Manager  >E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         5   GH THNO CHANGE!fHN C T O SContext Manager  Extended Multiplan>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           ?K !LKNO CHANGE!^KMNz3Finally, the newapplication becomesthe current context. C T O S Context Manager  Extended Multiplan>E x e c  Executive  MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                           2am f; JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+N C T O SContext Manager  Extended Multiplan>E x e c  Executive  MailF " o r e g r o u n d System Services                                             !NO CHANGE!#N C T O SContext Manager   Extended Multiplan  Executive MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         !NO CHANGE!N C T O SContext Manager  Extended Multiplan >  Executive MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                         ! NO CHANGE! N C T O SContext Manager  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   g !t NO CHANGE! NThe application which wasswapped out  (the WordProcessor), of course cannot continue to run inbackground. The Exec and C T O SMail applications shownbelow do continue to runas background contexts.Context Manager  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X   2am gz"  JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+N C T O SContext Manager  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive MailF o r e g r o u n d System Services                                        X    !NO CHANGE!N C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                              ,NO CHANGE!N C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                               NO CHANGE! N C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                              $NO CHANGE!)N C T O S  Context Man# ager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                              ,-NO CHANGE!?N C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            @ MNO CHANGE!_N C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            L $YNO CHANGE!kN C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            b! !o!NO CHANGE!!N#  C T O S  Context Manager E x e c<  Extended Multiplan >E Multi  Executive  < MailM a i l F o r e g r o u n d System Services                                            2am d JHPN  NO CHANGE!+MN=The workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: x  NO CHANGE!NThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S System Services    NO CHANGE!NThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Application A System Services   !NO CHANGE!%NThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O SApplication B Application A System Services   ! NO CHANGE!2BN2The workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Primary  ApplicationApplication B Application A System Services t   NO CHANGE!NlThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O SThese are partitions Primary  ApplicationApplication B Application A System Servicesb  3" NO CHANGE!4 NmThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Primary  These are partitionsApplicationApplication B Application A System Services}  ! NO CHANGE! NmThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Primary  ApplicationApplication BThese are partitions$  Application A System Services"Y  2f NO CHANGE!x NmThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Primary  ApplicationApplication B Application AThese are partitions System Services !NO CHANGE!NlThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O S Primary  ApplicationApplication B Application A System ServicesThese are partitionsR2am :e JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+:N$The workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O SWithout the ContextManager installed, Primary programs that use  the keyboard and videoApplication(such as the Executiveand Word Processor)have to run in this partition.Application B Application A System Services}2am f JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+ NThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O SWithout the ContextManager installed, Primary programs that use  the keyboard and videoPrograms that canApplication(such as the Executiverun in backgroundand Word Processor)run in these twohave to run in this partitions. partition.Application BBy the way, therecould be morethan two such Application Apartitions.  System Services C$ 2am f JHPN  !NO CHANGE!+NmThe workstation's memory might be depicted as follows: C T O SWithout the ContextManager installed, Primary programs that use  the keyboard and videoPrograms that canApplication(such as the Executiverun in backgroundand Word Processor)run in these twohave to run in this partitions. partition.Application BBy the way, therecould be morethan two such Application Apartitions. Generally, backgroundprograms such as ISAM,the Spooler, etc., are System Services loaded here. ?2am e JHPN  5NO CHANGE!+NmThe Executive>We're now ready to examine the NGEN Executive in some detail.This introductory section reinforces briefly the scatteredreferences to the Executive which you have already encounteredin this course and then reviews the important concepts involvedin the NGEN file system -- the vast majority of Executive commandsrequire that you have a sound understanding of file organization.The subsequent sections address: the basics of using the Executive several useful Executive commandsFinally, a short quiz will let you test your understanding ofthe NGEN Executive.@( 2am >f JHPN  .NO CHANGE!+NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]     %  [sys]NSueNP !NO CHANGE!3>NThe Executive>Executive 10.2User name: YourNamePath:[sys] Fri Jan 3, 19879:00 amP[!d0][f0]  'Notethateachvolumehasseveral  directoriesandthateachdirectory,inturn,containsseveralfiles. '[sys]NSueN'''''''''wl JHPN  @NO CHANGE!+NtExecutiveCommand Form 3Incidentally, thereare much better ways to performa backup of important files than might be suggested by themythical "Copy All" -- we'll cover backups in the section "DiskManagement" of this tutorial.  Command co Commands are:Compare FilesCopyAllCopyC y2am dD JHPN  @NO CHANGE!+NExecutive Wildcards6JThere is another type of Executive wildcard called the "singlecharacter wildcard" which is denoted by a question mark (?)instead of the asterisk (*).Suppose our default directory contained the files  Report.1  Report.2  Report.mpNow, how might we match Report.1 and Report.2 but notReport.mp?report.* doesn't work since the * would also match "mp". ) c o p 0x0A r e p o r t time 0x0A [ ! d 0 ] < b o b > r e p o r t time  time  time time time2'' !#%',,, , , , , ,,,,,,,,% !! !,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,@ ,#,",!, ,  ((()P xxxx Courier 72G B`^$10.1.2'HCHANGE!NThe Executive>HDThe Executive, perhaps, is even Memorycutive-like" in itsdelegation of authe only way to startB T O San application su has been to issuean appropriate co E x e c u t i v e. The Executive thenstopped itself anapplication into Command Multimemory. When tha Executive was thenautomatically staw workstation manage-ment commands or for commands to start other applications.DH" C *NO CHANfileHeaders.sysmfd.syslog.sys sysImage.sys badBlk.sys crashDump.sysOCID>?& \NGEN-44monetB_NcX $SYSIntro NGEN9|M^SYSNGEN9{fileHeaders.sys sys3B_B_B_mfd.sys sys3B_B_JDc$log.syssysB_B_B_z sysImage.syssysB_B_B_) badBlk.syssysB_B_B_&  crashDump.syssysB_B_B_̔OCIDSysB_£c£c@CM>FIB1.A999.Path NGEN3&qc&qc#/qc;z̳ Exec>Intro>Executive.2 NGEN 3(qc(qcCcrT. Exec>Intro>Files.17 NGEN 3)qc)qcCc CM>G003.22 NGEN 3&qc&qcjcH<0 Exec>Basics>Wildcards.25 NGEN 3(qc(qcscF Exec>Basics>CommandForm.25 NGEN 3'qc'qcc4' lExec>Basics>Wildcards.31 NGEN3(qc(qcc{!Exec>Basics>CommandForm.11 NGEN3r'qct'qc7cExec>Intro>Intro.3 NGEN39)qc;)qcCcahExec>Basics>CommandForm.14 NGEN3|'qc~'qcLcwVExec>Basics>CommandForm.46 NGEN3'qc'qccI CM>G003.14 NGEN3&qc&qcc85Exec>Basics>Wildcards.24 NGEN3(qc(qcpc& CM>TF1.True NGEN3Q'qcS'qcc' cExec>Basics>Screen.7 NGEN3+(qc-(qccd: Exec>Basics>CommandForm.41 NGEN3'qc'qccExec>Basics>CommandForm.27 NGEN3'qc'qcc<nExec>Basics>CommandForm.6 NGEN3'qc'qc ckExec>Basics>Wildcards.32 NGEN3(qc(qcc Exec>Basics>CommandForm.29 NGEN3'qc'qccDExec>Basics>Wildcards.2 NGEN3s(qcu(qcSc :"Exec>Basics>twHelp NGEN3>(qcA(qc"c)*